An Introduction to Statistics
What are statistics?
a) The study of numerical facts and figures
b) The analysis of mathematical equations
c) The interpretation of historical events
d) The investigation of supernatural phenomena
Which of the following is NOT a primary goal of statistics?
a) To summarize and describe data
b) To make predictions and forecasts
c) To prove causation between variables
d) To make inferences about populations based on samples
Which type of data can be measured on a numerical scale?
a) Nominal data
b) Ordinal data
c) Interval data
d) Categorical data
What is the mode of a dataset?
a) The middle value when data is arranged in ascending order
b) The most frequently occurring value in the dataset
c) The difference between the largest and smallest values
d) The average value of all the data points
What does the standard deviation measure?
a) The spread or variability of data
b) The central tendency of data
c) The relationship between two variables
d) The percentage of data within a certain range
What is the purpose of a hypothesis test in statistics?
a) To determine the population parameters from a sample
b) To estimate the confidence interval of a statistic
c) To compare two or more groups or conditions
d) To identify outliers in a dataset
What is the p-value in hypothesis testing?
a) The probability of obtaining a sample statistic as extreme or more extreme than the observed value, assuming the null hypothesis is true
b) The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
c) The margin of error for the sample statistic
d) The confidence level for the hypothesis test
What is the difference between correlation and causation?
a) Correlation indicates a cause-and-effect relationship, while causation measures the strength of association between variables.
b) Correlation measures the strength and direction of association between variables, while causation implies a cause-and-effect relationship.
c) Correlation and causation are the same concepts and can be used interchangeably.
d) Correlation measures the spread of data, while causation measures the central tendency.
What is the formula for calculating the mean of a dataset?
a) Sum of all values divided by the number of values
b) The middle value when data is arranged in ascending order
c) The most frequently occurring value in the dataset
d) The difference between the largest and smallest values
What is the difference between a population and a sample in statistics?
a) A population is a subset of a sample.
b) A population refers to all individuals or objects of interest, while a sample is a subset of the population.
c) A sample refers to all individuals or objects of interest, while a population is a subset of the sample.
d) A population and a sample are the same concepts and can be used interchangeably.
Answers:
a
c
c
b
a
c
a
b
a
b
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